interpreting tgs 1-5

INTERPRETING

No	Material	Remark
1.	Introduction, Lecture contract, making group	ETS
2.	Interpreting daylife context : 1) VOA Economics-lesson 1,2	ETS
3.	Interpreting daylife context : 2) VOA Development, 1-2	ETS
4.	Interpreting daylife context : 3) VOA Education-Lesson-1, 2	ETS
5.	Interpreting daylife context : 4) VOA Science-Lesson-1-2	ETS
6.	Interpreting education context : 1) First day class
7.	Interpreting politic context : 1) Making nation, Lesson-1-2	ETS
8.	Interpreting drama context : 1) ESL Program meeting	Randall
9.	Interpreting scientific context : 1) weather forecast	Randall
10.	Direct interpreting : 1) Journey to Kyoto	Randall
11.	Direct interpreting : 2) Picnic preparation	Randall
12.	Internet acess : 1) Acces (Possible Change)	Randall
13	Internet acess : 2) Back to school supply	Randall

lesson 1 (education)

This is the VOA Special English Education Report.

Summer means the end of another school year in America. May and June are graduation season.

Centuries of tradition explain the special caps and gowns that students and professors wear at commencement ceremonies. Top members of the class and invited guests offer speeches and advice. Finally the time comes for what everyone has been waiting for: one by one, the names of the students are called.

They go to the front and shake hands with school officials. They might receive their official diploma that day or maybe a few weeks later.

Graduations are always emotional events. But in May, at Fort Hays State University in Kansas, a graduate named Nola Ochs received special attention. Her major area of study was history. Nothing unusual about that. But Nola Ochs is ninety-five years old.

That made her the world's oldest graduate for the keepers of the Guinness World Records. Until now they have recognized a ninety-year-old journalism graduate from the University of Oklahoma in two thousand four.

Nola Ochs' granddaughter graduated with her. One of the commencement speakers told the students to take a lesson from Nola Ochs and never stop trying.

That is good advice on which to end our Foreign Student Series on higher education in the United States. We began in September with the process of applying to an American college or university. We talked about admissions tests, financial aid, online education, student exchange programs, programs for disabled students and a lot more.

All forty-three reports can be found online at voaspecialenglish.com. Many were based on questions from listeners. We invite you to continue writing us with your questions about the American education system. Our Foreign Student Series may be over for now, but we will still try to answer questions on future reports. Our e-mail address is special@voanews.com.

Population experts at the Census Bureau say American colleges and universities will have an estimated eighteen million students this fall. Twenty years ago, there were thirteen million. Today there are not only more college-age Americans, but more going to college, including older people and women. At last report from two years ago, fifty-six percent of undergraduates were women. And women were fifty-nine percent of graduate students

And that's the VOA Special English Education Report, written by Nancy Steinbach. I'm Steve Ember.

Lesson 2

This is the VOA Special English Education Report. 

A listener in Fukuoka, Japan, Shinji Abe, would like to know about school uniform policies in the United States.

American schoolchildren often wear uniforms if they attend religious or other private schools. Most public schools do not require uniforms. But over the last ten years or so, more of them have moved in that direction, including high schools.

Students may have to wear a specially purchased uniform. Or they may just have to dress alike -- for example, white shirts and dark colored pants or skirts.

Even schools that do not require uniforms generally have a dress code or other rules about what they consider acceptable. Policies commonly ban clothing that shows offensive images or words, or simply too much skin. Items like hats may be restricted because, for example, different colors may be connected with violent gangs.

Some parents like the idea of uniforms. Some say it means they do not have to spend as much on clothing for their kids. Others, though, argue that uniforms represent an unnecessary cost. There are also debates about whether uniforms or other dress policies violate civil rights.

Students and parents have taken legal action against school dress requirements. Just last week, a judge blocked a middle school in Napa, California, from enforcing a dress code unless families have a way out of it.

The American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California brought the case for the families of several students who were punished. Most attention centered on a girl who wore socks with the Tigger character from Winnie the Pooh.

The school said its clothing policy, including no pictures of any kind, was needed to control a growing problem with gangs. The families argued that the policy violated free speech rights as guaranteed by the United States and California constitutions.

The United States Supreme Court says student expression is protected as long as it does not harm the work and discipline of a school. 

Lesson 1(economi)

This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.

Bonds have been in the news a lot in the last few weeks. Yields on the ten-year United States Treasury note jumped to their highest level in five years, before easing.

Ini adalah bahasa Inggris VOA Ekonomi Laporan Khusus.
Obligasi telah menjadi berita terhangat dalam beberapa minggu terakhir. Hasil pada catatan sepuluh tahun Amerika Serikat Treasury(perbendaharaan/pendapatan) melonjak ke level/tingkat tertinggi dalam lima tahun terakhir, sebelum mereda.

Bonds are debt owed by a government or a company. The holder of a bond is paid interest until the date when the bond matures. Then the amount of the bond, its face value, is paid back.

Obligasi adalah  hutang  pemerintah atau perusahaan. Pemegang obligasi(hutang) membayar bunga sampai tanggal saat obligasi(hutang) jatuh tempo. Maka jumlah obligasi(hutang), nilai nominalnya, dibayar kembali.

Investors can buy a new bond and keep it until it matures. Or they can buy and sell existing bonds. The return on a bond is called the yield. Yields and prices of existing bonds can change as investors trade them.

Investor dapat membeli obligasi(Hutang) baru dan tetap sampai jatuh tempo. Atau mereka dapat membeli dan menjual obligasi(hutang) yang ada. Pengembalian obligasi disebut hasil. Hasil dan harga obligasi(Hutang) yang ada dapat berubah karena para investor perdagangan mereka.

Yields fall when investors seek the security of bonds and are willing to pay higher prices. Yields increase as prices fall.

Hasil menurun ketika investor mencari hutang aman/bunga kecil dan bersedia membayar harga yang lebih tinggi. Meningkatkan hasil panen karena harga jatuh/turun.

This month, yields on the ten-year Treasury note rose above five percent for the first time in close to a year. Higher yields raise the cost for individuals and businesses to borrow money at interest rates that are tied to the ten-year note.

Bulan ini, hasil pada catatan Treasury(pendapatan/perbendaharaan) sepuluh-tahun naik di atas lima persen untuk pertama kalinya dalam hampir satu tahun. Hasil yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan biaya untuk individu dan bisnis untuk meminjam uang dengan bunga yang terikat pada catatan sepuluh tahun.

Rising yields can also hurt stock prices. When yields rise, investors often sell stocks in order to buy bonds. If investors can get high yields holding low-risk bonds, or simply keeping money in the bank, they will do it. Yet holding bonds can also have risks as values for new and existing bonds change in the market.

Hasil naik turun juga bisa melukai harga saham. Ketika hasil meningkat, investor sering menjual saham untuk membeli obligasi(hutang). Jika investor bisa mendapatkan hasil yang tinggi berisiko rendah pada memegang obligasi, atau hanya menyimpan uang di bank, mereka akan melakukannya. Namun pemegang obligasi(hutang) juga dapat memiliki risiko sebagai nilai untuk obligasi baru dan ada perubahan di pasar.

Bond prices can also drop on signs of inflation. But inflation does not seem to be a threat with the current softness in the American housing market. New housing starts fell more than two percent in May.

Harga obligasi juga bisa drop(jatuh) pada tanda-tanda inflasi. Tetapi inflasi tampaknya tidak menjadi ancaman dengan kelembutan/menguat saat ini di pasar saham perumahan Amerika. Mulai perumahan baru jatuh lebih dari dua persen pada Mei.

Most experts believe the United States central bank will keep interest rates unchanged when policy makers meet next week. But many investors are concerned about pressure for higher interest rates in Europe and Asia.

Kebanyakan para ahli percaya bahwa bank sentral Amerika Serikat akan mempertahankan suku bunga tidak berubah ketika bertemu pembuat kebijakan pekan depan. Tetapi banyak investor khawatir tentang tekanan untuk suku bunga yang lebih tinggi di Eropa dan Asia.

Another influence on the bond market is the willingness of foreign countries to buy United States government debt. In Asia there have been signs that some countries that hold a lot of low-yield debt want greater returns on their investments. China, for example, recently announced it will invest three billion dollars in the Blackstone Group, the private-equity company in New York.

Pengaruh lain pada pasar obligasi adalah kesediaan negara-negara asing untuk membeli utang pemerintah Amerika Serikat. Di Asia ada tanda-tanda bahwa beberapa negara yang memegang banyak berkadar rendah utang ingin hasil yang lebih besar pada investasi mereka. Cina, misalnya, baru-baru ini mengumumkan akan menginvestasikan tiga miliar dolar pada Blackstone Group, perusahaan ekuitas swasta di New York.

For much of the last year, bond yields have been inverted. Short-term debt returned higher rates than long-term debt. In the past, an inverted yield curve was thought to signal a possible recession. Now things are back to what is considered "normal" with long-term debt paying higher yields.

Untuk sebagian besar tahun lalu, imbal hasil obligasi telah terbalik. Utang jangka pendek kembali meningkat lebih tinggi dari utang jangka panjang. Di masa lalu, kurva imbal hasil terbalik dianggap sinyal kemungkinan resesi. Sekarang hal-hal yang kembali ke apa yang dianggap "normal" dengan utang jangka panjang membayar hasil yang lebih tinggi.

And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.

Dan itulah VOA Ekonomi Laporan Khusus Inggris, ditulis oleh Mario Ritter. Saya Steve Ember.

Lesson 2(economi)

This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.

Talks meant to end disagreement over international trade failed to produce results in Potsdam, Germany last week.  The European Union and the United States sought to find common ground with Brazil and India on several trade issues.  The group has become known as the G-Four in World Trade Organization negotiations.  But neither side could agree and talks ended last Friday, two days earlier than expected.

Brazil and India have been seeking big cuts in aid provided to farmers in industrial countries.  The two nations have played the part of spokesmen for many of the least developed nations in the one- hundred-fifty-member W.T.O.  

During the talks, the United States offered to limit farm aid, or subsidies, to seventeen billion dollars a year.  That is down from twenty-two billion dollars offered in October of two thousand five.  But Brazil wants the United States to promise a bigger reduction in farm aid to below fifteen billion dollars.  Currently, American farmers receive a total of about eleven billion dollars a year in subsidies.

Indian Trade Minister Kamal Nath blamed the United States' position on farm aid for the failure of the talks.  But India wants to protect twenty percent of its farm product import taxes from all or most cuts.  United States Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns said that would leave almost all of India's import taxes in place.

An official at the talks said the EU offered to cut import taxes on its most protected farm products by seventy percent.  That is ten percentage points higher than its proposal from October, two thousand five.  Products considered especially important would only receive subsidy cuts of twenty-three percent. 

The Doha round of W.T.O. negotiations started in November of two thousand one.  A main goal was for rich countries to reduce their farm subsidies on important crops like cotton, sugar and corn.  In return, developing countries would reduce or end barriers to trade in goods and services from industrial countries. 

Now, negotiations of the Doha Round will have to continue in Geneva, Switzerland.  United States Trade Representative Susan Schwab said nations want to reach agreement on the Doha development plan.  But she admitted that negotiations only among the G-Four nations may not be enough.

And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report.  I'm Mario Ritter. 

Lesson 1(develovment)

This is the VOA Special English Development Report.           

The United States has accused several of its Arab allies of being among the worst offenders of human trafficking. The State Department last week released its "Trafficking in Persons Report" for two thousand seven. The report rates efforts by one hundred sixty-four countries and territories to end modern-day slavery.

It lists Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman and Qatar among sixteen countries with the worst records, up from twelve last year. It also names Algeria, Equatorial Guinea and Malaysia. And listed again this year are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Syria, Sudan, Uzbekistan, Burma, North Korea, Cuba and Venezuela.

Zimbabwe, Belize and Laos were listed among the worst offenders in last year's report but are now in the second tier group. Countries in the second tier do not fully meet the requirements but are working to improve.

Countries are divided into three groups, or tiers, based on how well they meet the requirements of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. The United States Congress passed this law in two thousand.

Countries in tier three face possible cuts in American assistance. But officials say the goal of the report is not to punish.

The reports are based on information from American diplomats, nongovernmental organizations and other groups. The United States estimates that about eight hundred thousand people are forced across international borders each year. It says up to seventeen thousand are believed to enter this country. The great majority of victims are female and as many as half are children and teenagers.

Thirty-two nations are on a "watch list" in this year's report. The list is supposed to be a warning. Armenia, China and South Africa are on it for the third year in a row. India, Mexico and Russia are listed for the fourth year.

In fact, State Department official Mark Lagon said: "The world's largest democracy has the world's largest problem of human trafficking." He said India has hundreds of thousands of sex trafficking victims and millions of bonded laborers. These include forced child laborers.

The report came out last Tuesday, which was World Day Against Child Labor. Estimates are that more than two hundred million children worldwide are forced to work, mostly on farms. The United Nations is calling for an end to the worst forms of child labor by two thousand sixteen.

And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Jill Moss. I’m Steve Ember.

Lesson 2 (develovment)

This is the VOA Special English Development Report.

Officials from some of the world’s leading banks were in the Netherlands last week for a conference on microfinance lending. The Dutch government and the nonprofit organization Women's World Banking organized the two-day meeting.

Mary Ellen Iskenderian is president of New York-based Women's World Banking. She told us from The Hague that people generally think of microfinance only as credit -- a small loan to start a business. But she says her group has found more and more demand for other kinds of services. The organization is working with banks to offer products like, for example, life insurance policies.

She says the question is not if commercial banks can offer microfinance services in a profitable way. The question is how. The bankers discussed things like the use of mobile phone technology in banking, and the ability of banks to offer services in rural areas. Could people do their banking at the point of sale in a village store, for example?

The meeting brought together representatives of the Global Network for Banking Innovation. Women's World Banking formed this network six years ago. It says the aim is to guarantee responsible lending to poor borrowers.

The network is an alliance of twenty-four major banks and microfinance lenders in fifteen countries. Members include Citigroup in the United States, ING and Triodos Bank of the Netherlands, Equity Bank of Kenya and Banco Azteca of Mexico.

Women's World Banking offers support, advice and training to more than fifty microfinance organizations. The group says it has helped twenty-three million people in forty-three countries receive financial services over the last thirty years. Most but not all of the borrowers are women.

As more commercial banks enter microfinance, Mary Ellen Iskenderian says women must continue to be served, to reduce poverty. She says research has shown that for every dollar a female borrower earns from her business, ninety-eight cents is reinvested.

Women use their earnings to educate their children and to improve their homes and communities, she says. A similar male borrower, she says, will reinvest only sixty cents.

The idea for Women's World Banking came out of the first United Nations Conference on Women, held in Mexico City in nineteen seventy-five.

And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Jill Moss. You can learn more about women's issues at voaspecialenglish.com. I'm Faith Lapidus.

VOA Special English - The making of a nation

Lesson 1: US History: George Herbert Walker Bush Is Elected President in 1988

For a time after the party conventions, it appeared that a majority of Americans would vote for Michael Dukakis. But then he began to lose popularity. Bush succeeded in making him look weak on crime and defense.

VOICE ONE

This is Rich Kleinfeldt.

VOICE TWO:

And this is Tony Riggs with THE MAKING OF A NATION -- a VOA Special English program about the history of the United States.

(MUSIC)

Today, we tell the story about the presidential election of nineteen eighty-eight.

VOICE ONE:

America's fortieth president, Ronald Reagan, was one of the most popular. During his eight years in office, many Americans did well financially. Many felt more secure about the future of the nation and the world. The threat of nuclear war did not seem so strong or frightening.

American law does not permit presidents to serve more than two terms. So, in nineteen eighty-eight, the country prepared to elect a new one.

VOICE TWO:

There were three main candidates for the Republican Party nomination. They were George Bush, Robert Dole, and Pat Robertson. Bush had just served eight years as vice-president. Dole was the top Republican in the Senate. Robertson was a very conservative Christian who had a nation-wide television program.

George Bush gained from Ronald Reagan's popularity. Reagan's successes were seen as Bush's successes, too. Neither Robert Dole nor Pat Robertson won enough votes in local primary elections to threaten Bush. He was nominated on the first vote at the party convention. The delegates accepted his choice for vice president, Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana.

VOICE ONE:

Eight candidates competed for the Democratic Party's nomination. One was Michael Dukakis. He was governor of Massachusetts. Another was Jesse Jackson. He was a Protestant clergyman and a long-time human rights activist. He had competed for the nomination four years earlier.

In nineteen eighty-eight, Jesse Jackson received about twenty-five percent of the votes in local primary elections. But he did not win his party's nomination. Delegates at the convention chose Governor Dukakis, instead. For vice president, they chose Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

For a time after the party conventions, public opinion studies showed that a majority of Americans would vote for Dukakis. Then, however, Dukakis began to lose popularity. Political observers said he campaigned too long in his home area before starting the national campaign.

Dukakis also suffered from criticism from George Bush. Bush attacked his record as governor. He said Dukakis had not been severe enough with criminals. He said Dukakis would weaken America’s military power and he accused Dukakis of not protecting the environment.

VOICE ONE:

Governor Dukakis made charges of his own. He accused Bush of not telling the truth about his part in what was called the Iran-Contra case. He said Bush knew that the government had sold weapons to Iran in exchange for Iran's support in winning the release of American hostages in Lebanon. And he said Bush knew that the money received for the weapons was being used illegally to aid Contra rebels in Nicaragua. He also criticized Bush for being part of an administration that reduced social services to poor people and old people.

VOICE TWO:

Television played a large part in the campaign of nineteen eighty-eight. Each candidate made a number of short television films. Some of these political advertisements were strong, bitter attacks on the other candidate. Sometimes it seemed the candidates spent as much time on negative campaign advertisements as they did on advertisements that made themselves look good.

In the end, Bush's campaign was more effective. He succeeded in making Dukakis look weak on crime and military issues. He succeeded in making himself look stronger and more decisive. On Election Day in November, Bush defeated Dukakis by almost seven million popular votes.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

George Bush was sworn-in on January twentieth, nineteen eighty-nine. In his inaugural speech he said:

BUSH: "No president, no government can teach us to remember what is best in what we are. But if the man you have chosen to lead this government can help make a difference, if he can celebrate the quieter, deeper successes that are made -- not of gold and silk, but of better hearts and finer souls -- if he can do these things, then he must ... We as a people have such a purpose today. It is to make kinder the face of the nation and gentler the face of the world. My friends, we have work to do."

VOICE TWO:

George Bush had led a life that prepared him for public service and leadership. His father had served as a United States senator.

When America entered World War Two, George decided to join the Navy. He became a pilot of bomber planes. He was just eighteen years old -- at that time the youngest pilot the Navy ever had. He fought against the Japanese in the Pacific battle area. He completed many dangerous bombing raids. He was shot down once and was rescued by an American submarine.

VOICE ONE:

George came home from the war as a hero. He became a university student and got married. He and his wife, Barbara, then moved to Texas where he worked in the oil business. He ran for the United States Senate in nineteen sixty-four, and lost. Two years later, he was elected to the House of Representatives.

He ran for the Senate again in nineteen seventy, and lost again. But by that time, he had gained recognition. Over the next eight years, he was appointed to a series of government positions. He was ambassador to the United Nations. He was chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was America's representative in China before the two countries had diplomatic relations. And he was head of the Central Intelligence Agency.

VOICE TWO:

In nineteen eighty, Bush competed against Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination for president. He lost. But the party chose him to be its vice presidential candidate. Bush gained more power in the position than many earlier vice presidents. After two terms, he felt ready to lead the nation.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

The new president took seven foreign trips during his first year in office. Observers said his visit to Europe in the spring was especially successful. President Bush met with the leaders of the other countries in NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He proposed a major agreement on reducing troops and non-nuclear weapons in Europe. The Soviet Union called this proposal a serious and important step in the right direction.

VOICE TWO:

In June, the government of China crushed pro-democracy demonstrations in Beijing. President Bush ordered some restrictions against China to protest the situation. Many critics, however, felt that this action was not strong enough.

Unlike in China, communist governments in central and eastern Europe were not able to prevent the coming of democracy. Since nineteen eighty-seven, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev had permitted members of the Warsaw Alliance to experiment with political and economic reforms. Reforms were not enough, however. One after the other, these countries rejected communism. Communist governments were removed from office in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.

VOICE ONE:

In the middle of the summer, President Bush visited Hungary and Poland. Both nations were trying to reform their economies. Both were suffering from severe problems as they changed from a centrally controlled economy to an economy controlled by free market forces. President Bush promised America's advice and financial help. For almost fifty years, the United States had led the struggle against communism around the world. Now, many of its former enemies needed help.

VOICE TWO:

In the autumn of nineteen eighty-nine, there was a dramatic expression of the changes taking place in the world.

On November ninth, East Germany opened the wall that had divided it from the West since nineteen sixty-one. Within days, citizens and soldiers began tearing it down. The fall of the Berlin Wall ended almost fifty years of fear and tension between democratic nations and the Soviet Union. All over the world, people renewed their hopes and dreams of living in peace. And former enemies looked to the United States to lead the way.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

This program of THE MAKING OF A NATION was written by Jeri Watson and produced by Paul Thompson. This is Rich Kleinfeldt.

VOICE TWO:

And this is Tony Riggs. Join us again next week for another VOA Special English program about the history of the United States.

VOA Special English - The making of a nation

Lesson 2: US History: George H.W. Bush's Presidency Saw End of Cold War

The 41st president had high public ratings for his foreign policy, including the ouster of Iraqi forces that invaded Kuwait. But economic problems and other issues at home began to damage his popularity. 

VOICE ONE:

This is Mary Tillotson.

VOICE TWO:

And this is Steve Ember with THE MAKING OF A NATION -- a VOA Special English program about the history of the United States. Today, we continue telling about the administration of President George Herbert Walker Bush.  He was elected the forty-first president of the United States in nineteen eighty-eight.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union ended under the administration of President George Bush. This very tense period had lasted more than forty years. The invention of weapons that could kill millions of people at one time increased worldwide fears during this period.

The world was changing greatly however, during the late nineteen eighties. The Soviet Union was dying.

VOICE TWO:

On November ninth, nineteen eighty-nine, East Germany opened the Berlin Wall for the first time since it had been built. This wall had divided Communist East Germany from the West since nineteen sixty-one. Citizens and soldiers soon began tearing it down. The fall of the Berlin Wall ended much of the fear and tension between democratic nations and the Soviet Union.

Tensions continued to ease as Communist rule in most of the former Soviet countries ended by the early nineteen nineties.

Fifteen republics had belonged to the Soviet Union. By the end of nineteen ninety-one, most had declared their independence. President Bush recognized all the former Soviet republics. They became a very loosely formed coalition called the Commonwealth of Independent States. Countries that had considered the United States the enemy, now looked to it to lead the way to peace.

VOICE ONE:

As the Soviet Union was dying, President Bush repeatedly negotiated with Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev. In the spring of nineteen ninety, for example, their meeting in the United States resulted in an important agreement. It called for each side to destroy most of its chemical weapons. The two men also agreed to improve trade and economic relations.

The American and Soviet presidents met in July, nineteen ninety-one, in Moscow. There, the two leaders signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, called START ONE. This treaty called for both the Soviet Union and the United States to reduce their supply of long-range nuclear bombs and missiles. Each promised to decrease its supply by about one-third over seven years. START ONE became the first agreement between the two powers that ordered cuts in supplies of existing nuclear weapons.

VOICE TWO:

In September nineteen ninety-one, President Bush said the United States would remove most of its short-range nuclear weapons from service. He also said the United States would destroy many of these weapons. The next month, the Soviet nations announced the same actions.

On December twenty-fifth, Mikhail Gorbachev officially resigned as Soviet president. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ended.

As president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin became the most important leader of the former Soviet Republics. President Bush and President Yeltsin signed another arms treaty in January, nineteen ninety-three. This START TWO agreement provided for reducing long-range nuclear weapons to half the number planned for START ONE. Cuts were to be made over seven years.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

George Bush ordered American forces into battle two times during his administration. These conflicts were not linked to disputes with Communist governments.

In December nineteen eighty-nine, he sent troops to Panama. The goal was to oust the dictator, General Manuel Antonio Noriega. Noriega had refused to honor election results that showed another candidate had been elected president of Panama. The United States also wanted Noriega on illegal drug charges. In addition, President Bush said he sent troops in to protect thirty five-thousand Americans living in the Central American nation.

American soldiers easily defeated Noriega’s forces. He was taken to the United States for trial. The United States then supported the presidency of Guillermo Endara, who had officially won the presidential election in Panama.

VOICE TWO:

In August nineteen ninety, Iraq invaded Kuwait. The United States and other nations were receiving much of their oil from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The United Nations declared a resolution clearly threatening war on Iraq unless it withdrew from Kuwait by January fifteenth, nineteen ninety-one. But Iraq failed to obey.

President Bush succeeded in forming a coalition with thirty-eight other countries against Iraq. The coalition wanted to free Kuwait and protect Saudi Arabia from invasion by Iraq. President Bush sent hundreds of thousands of American troops into the effort.

VOICE ONE:

The Persian Gulf War began in Iraq on January seventeenth, nineteen ninety-one. At first, the coalition bombed Iraqi targets in Iraq and Kuwait. The bombing destroyed or damaged many important centers. On February twenty-sixth, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered his troops to leave Kuwait.

The order came too late. The Iraqis were surrounded. Major ground attacks on Iraq and Kuwait defeated Saddam Hussein’s forces in a little more than four days.

Only about three hundred-seventy coalition troops died in the Persian Gulf War. Some military experts say as many as one hundred-thousand Iraqi fighters may have been killed in the fighting. Others say far fewer Iraqi soldiers died. However, thousands of civilians were thought to have died in Iraq and Kuwait. Kuwait suffered severe damage. But it was free.

VOICE TWO:

After the war Saddam Hussein still controlled his country. Years later, some Americans continued to criticize the Bush Administration for not trying to oust the Iraqi leader. They believed President Bush should have urged that coalition forces try to capture the Iraqi capital, Baghdad.

After the war ended, Kurdish people in northern Iraq fought to oust the Iraqi leader. So did Shi-ite Muslims in southern Iraq. These groups suffered crushing defeat.

VOICE ONE:

The defeated Kurds fled to Iran, Turkey, and the northern Iraqi mountains. Thousands of Kurds died or suffered from war injuries, disease, and starvation. In April, President Bush ordered American troops to work with other coalition nations to give humanitarian aid to the refugees. The troops established refugee camps for the Kurds.

As time passed, Iraqi soldiers and aircraft continued to attack Kurds in the north and Shi-ite Muslims in the south. Coalition forces led by the United States established safety areas in northern and southern Iraq. Years later, these “no fly” areas still restricted Iraqi military air activity.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

President Bush also ordered American military troops to join other troops in Somalia. By late nineteen ninety-two, lack of rain and continuing civil war had caused widespread suffering there. Opposing armed ethnic groups were keeping Somalis from receiving food and other aid supplies. American soldiers helped in the effort to get aid to the starving people.

VOICE ONE:

The North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA, was signed in late nineteen ninety-two. It called for the United States and Mexico to remove taxes and other trade barriers. Mexico and Canada agreed to take similar action. NAFTA became effective in nineteen ninety-four, after George Bush had left office.

Some people feared that NAFTA would hurt millions of workers. Others praised President Bush for supporting the agreement.

VOICE TWO:

By the third year of his four-year term, President Bush’s international activities had made him an extremely popular president. It seemed he would be easily re-elected in nineteen ninety two.

Historians often say, however, that political situations can change quickly. That is what happened to America’s forty-first president. Economic problems and other issues inside the United States began to seriously damage the great popularity of George Herbert Walker Bush.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

This program of The Making of A Nation was written by Jerilyn Watson and produced by George Grow. This is Mary Tillotson.

VOICE TWO:

And this is Steve Ember. Join us again next week for another VOA Special English program about the history of the United States.

VOA Special English - Science in the news

Lesson 1: How a Revolution in Thought Shook Scientists' Understanding of Earth

Modern research showed how Earth's surface is cracked like a giant eggshell. The pieces are called tectonic plates and as they move, they can cause earthquakes.

VOICE ONE:

This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English.  I'm Barbara Klein.

VOICE TWO: 

And I'm Bob Doughty.  Scientists who study the Earth tell us that the continents and ocean floors are always moving.  Sometimes, this movement is violent and might result in great destruction. 

VOICE ONE:

Today we examine the process that causes earthquakes.  

(MUSIC) 

VOICE ONE:  

The first pictures of Earth taken from space showed a solid ball covered by brown and green land masses and blue-green oceans.  It appeared as if the Earth had always looked that way -- and always would.  Scientists now know, however, that the surface of the Earth is not as permanent as had been thought.

Scientists explain that the surface of our planet is always in motion.  Continents move about the Earth like huge ships at sea.  They float on pieces of the Earth’s outer skin, or crust.  New crust is created as melted rock pushes up from inside the planet.  Old crust is destroyed as it rolls down into the hot area and melts again.

VOICE TWO:

Only since the nineteen sixties have scientists begun to understand that the Earth is a great, living structure.  Some experts say this new understanding is one of the most important revolutions in scientific thought.  The revolution is based on the work of scientists who study the movement of the continents -- a process called plate tectonics.

Earthquakes are a result of that process.  Plate tectonics is the area of science that explains why the surface of the Earth changes and how those changes cause earthquakes. 

VOICE ONE:  

Scientists say the surface of the Earth is cracked like a giant eggshell.  They call the pieces tectonic plates.  As many as twenty of them cover the Earth.  The plates float about slowly, sometimes crashing into each other, and sometimes moving away from each other. 

When the plates move, the continents move with them.  Sometimes the continents are above two plates.  The continents split as the plates move.

VOICE TWO:

Tectonic plates can cause earthquakes as they move.  Modern instruments show that about ninety percent of all earthquakes take place along a few lines in several places around the Earth. 

These lines follow underwater mountains where hot liquid rock flows up from deep inside the planet.  Sometimes, the melted rock comes out with a great burst of pressure.  This forces apart pieces of the Earth's surface in a violent earthquake. 

Other earthquakes take place at the edges of continents. Pressure increases as two plates move against each other.  When this happens, one plate moves past the other, suddenly causing the Earth’s surface to split.

VOICE ONE:

One example of this is found in California, on the West Coast of the United States.  One part of California is on what is known as the Pacific plate.  The other part of the state is on what is known as the North American plate.

Scientists say the Pacific plate is moving toward the northwest, while the North American plate is moving more to the southeast.  Where these two huge plates come together is called a fault line. 

The name of this line between the plates in California is the San Andreas Fault.  It is along or near this line that most of California’s earthquakes take place, as the two tectonic plates move in different directions. 

The city of Los Angeles in Southern California is about fifty kilometers from the San Andreas Fault.  Many smaller fault lines can be found throughout the area around Los Angeles.  A major earthquake in nineteen ninety-four was centered along one of these smaller fault lines.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:  

The story of plate tectonics begins with the German scientist Alfred Wegener in the early part of the twentieth century.  He first proposed that the continents had moved and were still moving. 

He said the idea came to him when he observed that the coasts of South America and Africa could fit together like two pieces of a puzzle.He proposed that the two continents might have been one, then split apart.

Later, Alfred Wegener said the continents had once been part of a huge area of land he called Pangaea.  He said the huge continent had split more than two hundred million years ago.  He said the pieces were still floating apart.

VOICE ONE:

Wegener investigated the idea that continents move.  He pointed out a line of mountains that appears from east to west in South Africa.  Then he pointed out another line of mountains that looks almost exactly the same in Argentina, on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean.  He found fossil remains of the same kind of an early plant in areas of Africa, South America, India, Australia and even Antarctica.

Alfred Wegener said the mountains and fossils were evidence that all the land on Earth was united at some time in the distant past.

VOICE TWO:

Wegener also noted differences between the continents and the ocean floor.  He said the oceans were more than just low places that had filled with water.  Even if the water was removed, he said, a person would still see differences between the continents and the ocean floor.

Also, the continents and the ocean floor are not made of the same kind of rock.  The continents are made of a granite-like rock, a mixture of silicon and aluminum.  The ocean floor is basalt rock, a mixture of silicon and magnesium.  Mister Wegener said the lighter continental rock floated up through the heavier basalt rock of the ocean floor.

VOICE ONE:

Support for Alfred Wegener’s ideas did not come until the early nineteen-fifties.  American scientists Harry Hess and Robert Dietz said the continents moved as new sea floor was created under the Atlantic Ocean.

They said a thin valley in the Atlantic Ocean was a place where the ocean floor splits.  They said hot melted material flows up from deep inside the Earth through the split. As the hot material reaches the ocean floor, it spreads out, cools and hardens.  It becomes new ocean floor.

The two scientists proposed that the floor of the Atlantic Ocean is moving away from each side of the split.  The movement is very slow -- a few centimeters a year. 

In time, they said, the moving ocean floor is blocked when it comes up against the edge of a continent.  Then it is forced down under the continent, deep into the Earth, where it is melted again. 

Harry Hess and Robert Dietz said this spreading does not make the Earth bigger.  As new ocean floor is created, an equal amount is destroyed.

VOICE TWO:

The two scientists also said Alfred Wegener was correct.  The continents move as new material from the center of the Earth rises, hardens and pushes older pieces of the Earth away from each other.  The continents are moving all the time, although we cannot feel it.

They called their theory "sea floor spreading."  The theory explains that as the sea floor spreads, the tectonic plates are pushed and pulled in different directions.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

The idea of plate tectonics explains volcanoes as well as earthquakes.  Many of the world's volcanoes are found at the edges of plates, where geologic activity is intense. The large number of volcanoes around the Pacific plate has earned the name "Ring of Fire." 

Volcanoes also are found in the middle of plates, where there is a well of melted rock.  Scientists call these wells "hot spots."  A hot spot does not move.  However, as the plate moves over it, a line of volcanoes is formed.

The Hawaiian Islands were created in the middle of the Pacific Ocean as the plate moved slowly over a hot spot.  This process is continuing, as the plate continues to move. 

VOICE TWO:

Volcanoes and earthquakes are among the most frightening events that nature can produce.  The major earthquake in South Asia in October of two thousand five, for example, killed more than seventy thousand people.  More than three million people were made homeless because of the earthquake.  At times like these, we remember that the ground is not as solid and unchanging as people might like to think. 

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:  

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Nancy Steinbach.  Cynthia Kirk was our producer.  I’m Barbara Klein.

VOICE TWO:  

And I’m Bob Doughty.  Internet users can read and listen to our programs at voaspecialenglish.com.  Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America. 

VOA Special English - Science in the news

Lesson 2: Safety Concerns Put Pressure on US Food and Drug Officials, Congress

The Senate recently approved a bill that would expand the power of the Food and Drug Administration to enforce drug safety. The House of Representatives is also considering a drug safety bill.

VOICE ONE:

This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS, in VOA Special English.  I'm Steve Ember.

VOICE TWO:

And I'm Barbara Klein.  This week, we tell about America's Food and Drug Administration. 

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the federal government.  The agency enforces the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and several other public health laws.

The F.D.A. is responsible for the safety of most food products and medicines.  It guarantees that medical devices and biological products are safe and effective.  It also guarantees the safety of beauty products and the country’s blood supply.

The F.D.A. supervises feed and drugs given to animals in the United States.  It also is responsible for labeling -- the information included with products.  All labels describing substances in a product must be truthful.

VOICE TWO:

The F.D.A. has about nine thousand employees.  They supervise the manufacture, import, transport, storage and sale of about one million million dollars worth of products each year.   This amount represents one-fourth of all money spent by Americans each year. 

The agency makes rules for almost ninety thousand businesses in the United States.  F.D.A. investigators inspect more than sixteen thousand manufacturing centers and farms each year.  The investigators make sure that products are made correctly and labeled truthfully.  Often, they will collect products for label inspections or testing by F.D.A. scientists. 

VOICE ONE:

The Food and Drug Administration has several choices if a company is found violating any of the laws the agency enforces.  F.D.A. officials can urge the company to correct the problem.  Or, they can legally remove, or recall, a bad product from the marketplace. 

In addition, F.D.A. investigators will seize products if they appear to fail requirements for public use.  About thirty thousand shipments of imported goods are seized at American ports every year. 

VOICE TWO:

The federal government has not always been responsible for the quality of food and medicines in the United States.  In the nineteenth century, individual states were generally responsible for the safety of locally-made food and drugs. 

Then, Americans began pressuring the federal government to protect resources and set safety rules.  The Bureau of Chemistry was made responsible for the food and drug supply.  The chief chemist at the Bureau was Harvey Wiley.  For more than twenty years, he called for a federal law to protect the public from unsafe foods. 

VOICE ONE:

Finally, in nineteen-oh-six, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Food and Drugs Act into law.  The measure became known as the Wiley Act.  It banned the transport and sale of unclean or falsely labeled foods, drinks and drugs.

In nineteen twenty-seven, the Bureau of Chemistry was made into two separate agencies.  One was the Food, Drug and Insecticide Administration.  Later, its name was changed to the Food and Drug Administration.  Today, the F.D.A. is part of the Department of Health and Human Services.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Since the Wiley Act, Congress has passed other laws to help the Food and Drug Administration carry out its work.  Yet, it has become harder for the F.D.A. to control medicines within the past few years.  One reason is off-label prescriptions.  This is when doctors prescribe, or direct, patients to take medicines for unapproved uses.

For example, some patients have been given antibiotic drugs to treat viruses, or anti-depression medicines for pain.  It is not uncommon for a drug to effectively treat more than one health disorder.  Yet, the F.D.A. usually approves drugs to treat only one disorder.

VOICE ONE:

A recent study investigated the use of off-label drugs in the United States.  The Archives for Internal Medicine reported on the investigation.

Researchers studied information about the drugs most prescribed by American doctors in two thousand one.  They found that twenty-one percent of those prescriptions were meant to treat medical conditions for which the drugs lacked F.D.A. approval.  About three of every four of the prescriptions were for medical conditions for which there were little evidence of the drug’s safety or effectiveness.  

VOICE TWO:

Off-label prescriptions are legal.  Yet, they carry unknown risks.  Several thousand Americans are believed to become very sick every year after taking drugs for unapproved uses. 

Some officials blame drug manufacturers for the rise in off-label prescribing.  Sales people representing drug makers give free supplies of their products to doctors.  The doctors then give them to patients without knowing all the effects the drugs will have. 

VOICE ONE:

The F.D.A. does not directly test drugs before approving them for public use.  Instead, it depends on drug manufacturers to prove the safety of their medicines.  The manufacturers often negotiate with medical schools or private groups to carry out tests.  Drug companies reportedly pay millions of dollars to researchers for their results. 

The companies argue that they own the information because they paid for the tests.  Yet, drug makers often are accused of only reporting findings that make their medicines look good.  That means the public may never know about tests that find a drug useless or even dangerous. 

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO: 

The drug industry gives the Food and Drug Administration millions of dollars every year to speed the approval of medicines.  Congress reached this agreement in the nineteen-nineties.  Yet, critics say this situation makes it difficult for the F.D.A. to effectively supervise drug companies. 

The F.D.A. has also faced trouble with some drugs it approved.  In two thousand four, drug maker Merck announced a worldwide withdrawal of its pain medicine Vioxx.  Merck acted after a study showed that Vioxx increased the risk of heart attacks and strokes. 

VOICE ONE:

Recently, more questions have been raised about the drug approval process.  Researchers in the American state of Ohio reported last month that a drug commonly used to treat diabetes might increase the risk of heart attacks.  About seven million people worldwide use the drug, Avandia.  Its manufacturer is GlaxoSmithKline. 

The report led to a congressional investigation into why the F.D.A. had delayed warnings about Avandia.  Officials with the agency had suggested stronger safety warnings for the drug last year.  But only recently did the head of the F.D.A. call for stronger warnings for Avandia and a similar diabetes drug, Actos.  He also said the agency is examining conflicting studies of Avandia to fully establish its effects on patients.

VOICE TWO:

The Vioxx and Avandia incidents have intensified congressional concerns about the effectiveness of the F.D.A.  Last month, the Senate approved a bill that would expand the power of the agency to enforce drug safety.

The bill would give the F.D.A. power to control advertisements and restrict the use of medicines found to increase health risks.  The bill would also give the agency power to order changes in labeling.  Drug companies currently can delay changes on their labels for months. 

VOICE ONE:

The Senate bill would expand the F.D.A.’s ability to require manufacturers to study the safety of medicines after they have been approved.  It also would force them to publicly list drug tests and their results.  This kind of government-operated list would make it difficult for companies to hide evidence of safety problems. 

Parts of the Senate bill are supported in the House of Representatives.  Political observers say a drug safety bill is likely to become law later this year. 

VOICE TWO:

Some people believe the F.D.A. needs to improve its rules for food safety.  Millions of Americans become sick each year after eating unclean food or products containing harmful substances. 

Public health concerns increased earlier this year when food products from China sickened and killed some animals in the United States.  The products contained an industrial chemical, melamine.  Several members of Congress have proposed creation of a single agency responsible for food safety. 

VOICE ONE:

These are just some of the issues facing the Food and Drug Administration.  The agency is expected to deal with these and other concerns in the months to come.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

This program was written by Jill Moss.  Brianna Blake was our producer.  I’m Barbara Klein.

VOICE ONE:

And I’m Steve Ember.  Join us again at this time next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.

1.    Education

Pelajaran 1 (pendidikan)
Ini adalah bahasa Inggris VOA Laporan Khusus Pendidikan.
Musim panas berarti akhir dari suatu tahun sekolah di Amerika. Mei dan Juni adalah musim wisuda.
Berabad-abad tradisi menjelaskan topi khusus dan gaun-gaun yang mahasiswa dan dosen aus pada upacara dimulainya. Anggota kelas atas dan tamu undangan pidato dan menawarkan saran. Akhirnya tiba waktunya untuk apa semua orang telah menunggu untuk: satu per satu, nama-nama mahasiswa disebut.
Mereka pergi ke depan dan berjabat tangan dengan pejabat sekolah. Mereka mungkin menerima ijazah resmi mereka hari itu atau mungkin beberapa minggu kemudian.
Wisuda selalu peristiwa emosional. Tapi Mei, di Fort Hays State University di Kansas, seorang lulusan Nola Ochs bernama mendapat perhatian khusus. Wilayah utama nya studi sejarah. Tidak ada yang aneh tentang itu. Tapi Nola Ochs adalah sembilan puluh lima tahun.
Itu membuatnya pascasarjana tertua di dunia untuk penjaga Guinness World Records. Sampai sekarang mereka telah mengakui lulusan jurnalisme sembilan tahun dari University of Oklahoma di 2004.
Nola Ochs cucu 'lulus dengan dia. Salah satu pembicara dimulainya mengatakan kepada siswa untuk mengambil pelajaran dari Nola Ochs dan tidak pernah berhenti mencoba.
Itu adalah nasihat yang baik di mana untuk mengakhiri Seri Mahasiswa Asing kami pada pendidikan tinggi di Amerika Serikat. Kami mulai pada bulan September dengan proses mendaftar ke sebuah perguruan tinggi atau universitas Amerika. Kami berbicara tentang tes penerimaan, bantuan keuangan, pendidikan online, program pertukaran pelajar, program untuk siswa cacat dan banyak lagi.
Semua empat puluh tiga laporan dapat ditemukan online di voaspecialenglish.com. Banyak pertanyaan dari didasarkan pada pendengar. Kami mengundang Anda untuk terus menulis kami dengan pertanyaan Anda tentang sistem pendidikan Amerika. Seri Mahasiswa Asing kita mungkin berakhir untuk sekarang, tapi kita masih akan mencoba untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang laporan-laporan mendatang. Alamat e-mail kami adalah special@voanews.com.
Populasi ahli di Biro Sensus mengatakan perguruan tinggi Amerika dan universitas akan memiliki delapan belas juta siswa diperkirakan musim gugur ini. Dua puluh tahun yang lalu, ada tiga belas juta. Saat ini ada tidak hanya lebih usia perguruan tinggi Amerika, tetapi lebih masuk perguruan tinggi, termasuk orang tua dan perempuan. Pada laporan terakhir dari dua tahun lalu, lima puluh enam persen mahasiswa adalah perempuan. Dan perempuan itu lima puluh sembilan persen dari mahasiswa pascasarjana
Dan itulah VOA Khusus Laporan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, ditulis oleh Nancy Steinbach. Aku Steve Ember.

2.    Education

Pelajaran 2
Ini adalah bahasa Inggris VOA Laporan Khusus Pendidikan.
Seorang pendengar di Fukuoka, Jepang, Shinji Abe, ingin tahu tentang kebijakan seragam sekolah di Amerika Serikat.
Anak sekolah Amerika sering memakai seragam jika mereka menghadiri sekolah swasta keagamaan atau lainnya. Kebanyakan sekolah umum tidak memerlukan seragam. Tetapi selama sepuluh tahun terakhir atau lebih, lebih dari mereka telah pindah ke arah itu, termasuk sekolah tinggi.
Siswa mungkin harus mengenakan seragam khusus dibeli. Atau mereka mungkin hanya harus berpakaian sama - misalnya, kemeja putih dan celana berwarna gelap atau rok.
Bahkan sekolah yang tidak memerlukan seragam umumnya memiliki aturan pakaian atau peraturan lain tentang apa yang mereka anggap dapat diterima. Kebijakan umum melarang pakaian yang menunjukkan gambar atau kata-kata ofensif, atau kulit terlalu banyak. Barang seperti topi mungkin dibatasi karena, misalnya, warna yang berbeda dapat dihubungkan dengan geng kekerasan.
Beberapa orang tua suka seragam. Ada yang mengatakan itu berarti mereka tidak harus menghabiskan banyak pakaian untuk anak-anak mereka. Lainnya, meskipun, berpendapat bahwa seragam merupakan biaya yang tidak perlu. Ada juga perdebatan tentang apakah seragam atau pakaian lain melanggar kebijakan hak-hak sipil.
Siswa dan orang tua telah mengambil tindakan hukum terhadap persyaratan pakaian sekolah. Baru minggu lalu, hakim diblokir sebuah sekolah menengah di Napa, California, dari menegakkan aturan berpakaian kecuali keluarga memiliki cara keluar dari itu.
American Civil Liberties Union California Utara membawa kasus ini untuk keluarga beberapa siswa yang dihukum. Kebanyakan perhatian berpusat pada seorang gadis yang mengenakan kaus kaki dengan karakter Tigger dari Winnie the Pooh.
Sekolah mengatakan pakaian kebijakan, termasuk tidak ada gambar apapun, yang diperlukan untuk mengendalikan masalah yang berkembang dengan geng. Keluarga berpendapat bahwa kebijakan tersebut melanggar hak kebebasan berbicara sebagaimana dijamin oleh konstitusi Amerika Serikat dan California.
Amerika Serikat Mahkamah Agung mengatakan ekspresi siswa dilindungi asalkan tidak merugikan pekerjaan dan disiplin sekolah.

Pelajaran 2
Ini adalah bahasa Inggris VOA Laporan Khusus Pendidikan.
Seorang pendengar di Fukuoka, Jepang, Shinji Abe, ingin tahu tentang kebijakan seragam sekolah di Amerika Serikat.
Anak sekolah Amerika sering memakai seragam jika mereka menghadiri sekolah swasta keagamaan atau lainnya. Kebanyakan sekolah umum tidak memerlukan seragam. Tetapi selama sepuluh tahun terakhir atau lebih, lebih dari mereka telah pindah ke arah itu, termasuk sekolah tinggi.
Siswa mungkin harus mengenakan seragam khusus dibeli. Atau mereka mungkin hanya harus berpakaian sama - misalnya, kemeja putih dan celana berwarna gelap atau rok.
Bahkan sekolah yang tidak memerlukan seragam umumnya memiliki aturan pakaian atau peraturan lain tentang apa yang mereka anggap dapat diterima. Kebijakan umum melarang pakaian yang menunjukkan gambar atau kata-kata ofensif, atau kulit terlalu banyak. Barang seperti topi mungkin dibatasi karena, misalnya, warna yang berbeda dapat dihubungkan dengan geng kekerasan.
Beberapa orang tua suka seragam. Ada yang mengatakan itu berarti mereka tidak harus menghabiskan banyak pakaian untuk anak-anak mereka. Lainnya, meskipun, berpendapat bahwa seragam merupakan biaya yang tidak perlu. Ada juga perdebatan tentang apakah seragam atau pakaian lain melanggar kebijakan hak-hak sipil.
Siswa dan orang tua telah mengambil tindakan hukum terhadap persyaratan pakaian sekolah. Baru minggu lalu, hakim diblokir sebuah sekolah menengah di Napa, California, dari menegakkan aturan berpakaian kecuali keluarga memiliki cara keluar dari itu.
American Civil Liberties Union California Utara membawa kasus ini untuk keluarga beberapa siswa yang dihukum. Kebanyakan perhatian berpusat pada seorang gadis yang mengenakan kaus kaki dengan karakter Tigger dari Winnie the Pooh.
Sekolah mengatakan pakaian kebijakan, termasuk tidak ada gambar apapun, yang diperlukan untuk mengendalikan masalah yang berkembang dengan geng. Keluarga berpendapat bahwa kebijakan tersebut melanggar hak kebebasan berbicara sebagaimana dijamin oleh konstitusi Amerika Serikat dan California.
Amerika Serikat Mahkamah Agung mengatakan ekspresi siswa dilindungi asalkan tidak merugikan pekerjaan dan disiplin sekolah....

Pelajaran 1 (economi)
Ini adalah bahasa Inggris VOA Ekonomi Laporan Khusus.
Obligasi telah menjadi berita terhangat dalam beberapa minggu terakhir. Hasil pada catatan sepuluh tahun Amerika Serikat Treasury(perbendaharaan/pendapatan) melonjak ke level/tingkat tertinggi dalam lima tahun terakhir, sebelum mereda.
Obligasi adalah  hutang  pemerintah atau perusahaan. Pemegang obligasi(hutang) membayar bunga sampai tanggal saat obligasi(hutang) jatuh tempo. Maka jumlah obligasi(hutang), nilai nominalnya, dibayar kembali.
Investor dapat membeli obligasi(Hutang) baru dan tetap sampai jatuh tempo. Atau mereka dapat membeli dan menjual obligasi(hutang) yang ada. Pengembalian obligasi disebut hasil. Hasil dan harga obligasi(Hutang) yang ada dapat berubah karena para investor perdagangan mereka.
Hasil menurun ketika investor mencari hutang aman/bunga kecil dan bersedia membayar harga yang lebih tinggi. Meningkatkan hasil panen karena harga jatuh/turun.
Bulan ini, hasil pada catatan Treasury(pendapatan/perbendaharaan) sepuluh-tahun naik di atas lima persen untuk pertama kalinya dalam hampir satu tahun. Hasil yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan biaya untuk individu dan bisnis untuk meminjam uang dengan bunga yang terikat pada catatan sepuluh tahun.
Hasil naik turun juga bisa melukai harga saham. Ketika hasil meningkat, investor sering menjual saham untuk membeli obligasi(hutang). Jika investor bisa mendapatkan hasil yang tinggi berisiko rendah pada memegang obligasi, atau hanya menyimpan uang di bank, mereka akan melakukannya. Namun pemegang obligasi(hutang) juga dapat memiliki risiko sebagai nilai untuk obligasi baru dan ada perubahan di pasar.
Harga obligasi juga bisa drop(jatuh) pada tanda-tanda inflasi. Tetapi inflasi tampaknya tidak menjadi ancaman dengan kelembutan/menguat saat ini di pasar saham perumahan Amerika. Mulai perumahan baru jatuh lebih dari dua persen pada Mei.
Kebanyakan para ahli percaya bahwa bank sentral Amerika Serikat akan mempertahankan suku bunga tidak berubah ketika bertemu pembuat kebijakan pekan depan. Tetapi banyak investor khawatir tentang tekanan untuk suku bunga yang lebih tinggi di Eropa dan Asia.
Pengaruh lain pada pasar obligasi adalah kesediaan negara-negara asing untuk membeli utang pemerintah Amerika Serikat. Di Asia ada tanda-tanda bahwa beberapa negara yang memegang banyak berkadar rendah utang ingin hasil yang lebih besar pada investasi mereka. Cina, misalnya, baru-baru ini mengumumkan akan menginvestasikan tiga miliar dolar pada Blackstone Group, perusahaan ekuitas swasta di New York.
Untuk sebagian besar tahun lalu, imbal hasil obligasi telah terbalik. Utang jangka pendek kembali meningkat lebih tinggi dari utang jangka panjang. Di masa lalu, kurva imbal hasil terbalik dianggap sinyal kemungkinan resesi. Sekarang hal-hal yang kembali ke apa yang dianggap "normal" dengan utang jangka panjang membayar hasil yang lebih tinggi.
Dan itulah VOA Ekonomi Laporan Khusus Inggris, ditulis oleh Mario Ritter. Saya Steve Ember.

Pelajaran 2 (economi)
Ini adalah bahasa Inggris VOA Ekonomi Laporan Khusus.
Pembicaraan dimaksudkan untuk mengakhiri perselisihan atas perdagangan internasional gagal untuk menghasilkan hasil di Potsdam, Jerman pekan lalu. Uni Eropa dan Amerika Serikat berusaha untuk menemukan kesamaan dengan Brasil dan India pada beberapa isu-isu perdagangan. Kelompok ini telah menjadi dikenal sebagai G-Empat dalam negosiasi Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia. Tapi kedua belah pihak tidak dapat menyetujui dan pembicaraan berakhir Jumat lalu, dua hari lebih awal dari yang diharapkan.
Brasil dan India telah mencari pemotongan besar dalam bantuan yang disediakan untuk petani di negara-negara industri. Kedua negara telah memainkan bagian dari juru bicara bagi banyak negara-negara kurang berkembang dalam seratus lima puluh anggota WTO
Selama pembicaraan, Amerika Serikat menawarkan untuk membatasi bantuan pertanian, atau subsidi, untuk tujuh belas miliar dolar setahun. Itulah turun 2-20 dolar yang ditawarkan pada bulan Oktober 2005. Namun Brazil menginginkan Amerika Serikat untuk janji pengurangan besar dalam bantuan pertanian hingga di bawah lima belas miliar dolar. Saat ini, petani Amerika menerima total sekitar sebelas miliar dolar setahun subsidi.
Menteri Perdagangan India Kamal Nath menyalahkan posisi Amerika Serikat 'pada bantuan pertanian atas kegagalan pembicaraan. Tapi India ingin melindungi dua puluh persen dari pajak produk impor pertanian dari seluruh atau sebagian luka. Menteri Pertanian Amerika Serikat Mike Johanns mengatakan bahwa akan meninggalkan hampir semua pajak impor India di tempat.
Seorang pejabat pada pembicaraan mengatakan Uni Eropa menawarkan untuk memotong pajak impor produk pertanian yang paling dilindungi oleh tujuh puluh persen. Itulah sepuluh poin persentase lebih tinggi dibandingkan usulan dari Oktober, 2005. Produk dianggap sangat penting hanya akan menerima pemotongan subsidi dari dua puluh tiga persen.
Doha putaran W.T.O. negosiasi dimulai pada bulan November 2001. Sebuah tujuan utama adalah bagi negara-negara kaya untuk mengurangi subsidi pertanian mereka pada tanaman penting seperti kapas, gula dan jagung. Sebagai imbalannya, negara-negara berkembang akan mengurangi atau mengakhiri hambatan perdagangan barang dan jasa dari negara-negara industri.
Sekarang, negosiasi Putaran Doha harus terus di Jenewa, Swiss. Perwakilan Dagang Amerika Serikat Susan Schwab mengatakan negara ingin mencapai kesepakatan pada rencana pembangunan Doha. Tapi dia mengakui bahwa negosiasi hanya di antara G-Empat negara mungkin tidak cukup.
Dan itulah VOA Ekonomi Laporan Khusus Inggris. Saya Mario Ritter.

Pelajaran 1 (develovment)
Ini adalah bahasa Inggris VOA Khusus Laporan Pembangunan.
Amerika Serikat telah menuduh beberapa sekutu Arabnya menjadi antara pelanggar terburuk perdagangan manusia. Departemen Luar Negeri pekan lalu merilis "Perdagangan Orang Laporan" untuk 2007. Melaporkan tingkat upaya oleh 164 negara dan wilayah untuk mengakhiri perbudakan modern.
Ini daftar Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman dan Qatar di antara enam belas negara dengan catatan terburuk, naik dari dua belas tahun lalu. Hal ini juga nama Aljazair, Guinea Ekuatorial dan Malaysia. Dan terdaftar lagi tahun ini adalah Arab Saudi, Iran, Suriah, Sudan, Uzbekistan, Burma, Korea Utara, Kuba dan Venezuela.
Zimbabwe, Belize dan Laos adalah terdaftar di antara pelanggar terburuk dalam laporan tahun lalu tetapi sekarang dalam kelompok lapis kedua. Negara-negara di tingkat kedua tidak sepenuhnya memenuhi persyaratan, namun bekerja untuk memperbaiki.
Negara dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, atau tingkatan, berdasarkan seberapa baik mereka memenuhi persyaratan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Korban Perdagangan. Kongres Amerika Serikat meloloskan undang-undang ini dalam dua ribu.
Negara-negara di tingkat tiga menghadapi pemotongan mungkin dalam bantuan Amerika. Tetapi para pejabat mengatakan tujuan laporan ini adalah bukan untuk menghukum.
Laporan ini berdasarkan informasi dari diplomat Amerika, organisasi non pemerintah dan kelompok lain. Amerika Serikat memperkirakan bahwa sekitar delapan ratus ribu orang dipaksa melintasi perbatasan internasional setiap tahun. Ia mengatakan sampai tujuh belas ribu diyakini untuk memasuki negara ini. Sebagian besar korban adalah perempuan dan sebanyak separuh anak-anak dan remaja.
Tiga puluh dua negara berada pada "daftar pengawasan" dalam laporan tahun ini. Daftar ini seharusnya menjadi peringatan. Armenia, China dan Afrika Selatan ada di dalamnya untuk tahun ketiga berturut-turut. India, Meksiko dan Rusia yang terdaftar untuk tahun keempat.
Bahkan, pejabat Departemen Luar Negeri Lagon Mark mengatakan: "demokrasi terbesar di dunia memiliki masalah terbesar di dunia perdagangan manusia." Dia mengatakan India memiliki ratusan ribu korban perdagangan seks dan jutaan buruh terikat. Ini termasuk pekerja anak paksa.
Laporan ini keluar Selasa lalu, yang Hari Internasional Menentang Pekerja Anak. Diperkirakan bahwa lebih dari dua ratus juta anak di seluruh dunia dipaksa untuk bekerja, terutama pada peternakan. PBB menyerukan untuk mengakhiri bentuk-bentuk pekerjaan terburuk untuk anak dengan 2016.
Dan itulah VOA Khusus Laporan Pembangunan Inggris, yang ditulis oleh Jill Moss. Aku Steve Ember.



Pelajaran 2 (develovment)
Ini adalah bahasa Inggris VOA Khusus Laporan Pembangunan.
Pejabat dari beberapa bank terkemuka di dunia berada di Belanda pekan lalu untuk konferensi tentang pinjaman keuangan mikro. Pemerintah Belanda dan Perbankan Dunia Wanita organisasi nirlaba yang diselenggarakan pertemuan dua-hari.
Mary Ellen Iskenderian adalah presiden Perbankan Dunia berbasis di New York Perempuan. Dia mengatakan kepada kami dari Den Haag bahwa orang umumnya berpikir tentang keuangan mikro hanya sebagai kredit - pinjaman kecil untuk memulai bisnis. Tapi dia mengatakan, kelompok itu telah menemukan menuntut lebih dan lebih untuk jenis lain dari layanan. Organisasi ini bekerja sama dengan bank-bank untuk menawarkan produk seperti, misalnya, kebijakan asuransi jiwa.
Dia mengatakan pertanyaannya adalah tidak jika bank komersial dapat menawarkan layanan keuangan mikro dalam cara yang menguntungkan. Pertanyaannya adalah bagaimana. Para bankir mendiskusikan hal-hal seperti penggunaan teknologi ponsel di perbankan, dan kemampuan bank untuk menawarkan layanan di daerah pedesaan. Bisakah orang perbankan mereka pada titik penjualan di sebuah toko desa, misalnya?
Pertemuan itu mempertemukan wakil-wakil dari Jaringan Inovasi Global untuk Perbankan. Dunia Perbankan perempuan membentuk jaringan ini enam tahun lalu. Ia mengatakan tujuannya adalah untuk menjamin pinjaman yang bertanggung jawab untuk peminjam miskin.
Jaringan adalah aliansi dua puluh empat bank besar dan pemberi pinjaman keuangan mikro di lima belas negara. Anggota termasuk Citigroup di Amerika Serikat, ING dan Triodos Bank Belanda, Ekuitas Bank Kenya dan Banco Azteca Meksiko.
Perbankan Dunia Wanita menawarkan dukungan, saran dan pelatihan kepada lebih dari lima puluh organisasi keuangan mikro. Kelompok itu mengatakan telah membantu 23.000.000 orang di empat puluh tiga negara menerima jasa keuangan selama tiga puluh tahun terakhir. Sebagian besar tapi tidak semua peminjam adalah perempuan.
Seperti bank-bank komersial lebih memasuki keuangan mikro, Mary Ellen Iskenderian mengatakan wanita harus terus dilayani, untuk mengurangi kemiskinan. Dia mengatakan penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa untuk setiap dolar peminjam wanita mendapatkan dari bisnis nya, sembilan puluh delapan sen diinvestasikan kembali.
Wanita menggunakan pendapatan mereka untuk mendidik anak-anak mereka dan untuk memperbaiki rumah mereka dan masyarakat, katanya. Seorang peminjam yang laki-laki yang sama, katanya, akan menginvestasikan kembali hanya enam puluh sen.
Ide untuk Perbankan Dunia Wanita keluar dari Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pertama tentang Perempuan, yang diselenggarakan di Mexico City pada 1975.
Dan itulah VOA Khusus Laporan Pembangunan Inggris, yang ditulis oleh Jill Moss. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang isu-isu perempuan di voaspecialenglish.com. Aku Iman Lapidus.

VOA Khusus Inggris - Pembuatan bangsa
Pelajaran 1: US Sejarah: George Herbert Walker Bush Presiden Terpilih Apakah pada tahun 1988

Untuk waktu setelah konvensi partai, tampak bahwa mayoritas orang Amerika akan memilih untuk Michael Dukakis. Tapi kemudian ia mulai kehilangan popularitas. Bush berhasil membuatnya terlihat lemah pada kejahatan dan pertahanan.

SATU SUARA
Ini adalah Kleinfeldt Kaya.
SUARA DUA:
Dan ini Tony Riggs dengan THE PEMBUATAN BANGSA A - program VOA Bahasa Inggris Khusus tentang sejarah Amerika Serikat.
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Hari ini, kami menceritakan kisah tentang pemilihan presiden 1988.
SATU SUARA:
Presiden Amerika keempat puluh, Ronald Reagan, adalah salah satu yang paling populer. Selama delapan tahun di kantor, banyak orang Amerika melakukannya dengan baik finansial. Banyak yang merasa lebih aman tentang masa depan bangsa dan dunia. Ancaman perang nuklir tidak tampak begitu kuat atau menakutkan.
Hukum Amerika tidak mengizinkan presiden untuk melayani lebih dari dua istilah. Jadi, dalam 1988, negara itu siap untuk memilih yang baru.
SUARA DUA:
Ada tiga kandidat utama untuk nominasi Partai Republik. Mereka adalah George Bush, Robert Dole, dan Pat Robertson. Bush baru saja delapan tahun menjabat sebagai wakil presiden. Dole adalah Partai Republik di Senat. Robertson adalah seorang Kristen yang sangat konservatif yang memiliki program televisi nasional.
George Bush diperoleh dari popularitas Ronald Reagan. Keberhasilan Reagan dipandang sebagai keberhasilan Bush, juga. Baik Robert Dole atau Pat Robertson memenangkan cukup suara dalam pemilihan dasar setempat mengancam Bush. Dia dinominasikan pada suara pertama pada konvensi partai. Para delegasi diterima pilihannya untuk wakil presiden, Senator Indiana Dan Quayle.
SATU SUARA:
Delapan calon bersaing untuk nominasi Partai Demokrat. Salah satunya adalah Michael Dukakis. Dia adalah gubernur Massachusetts. Lain adalah Jesse Jackson. Dia adalah seorang pendeta Protestan dan seorang aktivis lama hak asasi manusia. Dia bersaing untuk nominasi empat tahun sebelumnya.
Dalam 1988, Jesse Jackson menerima sekitar dua puluh lima persen dari suara dalam pemilihan dasar setempat. Tapi dia tidak memenangkan nominasi partainya. Delegasi di konvensi memilih Gubernur Dukakis, sebagai gantinya. Untuk wakil presiden, mereka memilih Senator Lloyd Bentsen dari Texas.
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SUARA DUA:
Untuk waktu setelah konvensi partai, penelitian opini publik menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas orang Amerika akan memilih Dukakis. Lalu, bagaimanapun, Dukakis mulai kehilangan popularitas. Pengamat politik mengatakan ia berkampanye terlalu lama di daerah rumahnya sebelum memulai kampanye nasional.
Dukakis juga menderita dari kritik dari George Bush. Bush menyerang rekornya sebagai gubernur. Dia mengatakan Dukakis belum cukup parah dengan penjahat. Dia mengatakan Dukakis akan melemahkan kekuatan militer Amerika dan dia menuduh Dukakis tidak melindungi lingkungan.
SATU SUARA:
Gubernur Dukakis membuat tuduhan sendiri. Dia menuduh Bush tidak mengatakan kebenaran tentang bagian dalam apa yang disebut kasus Iran-Contra. Ia mengatakan Bush tahu bahwa pemerintah telah menjual senjata ke Iran sebagai imbalan atas dukungan Iran dalam memenangkan pembebasan sandera Amerika di Lebanon. Dan dia mengatakan Bush tahu bahwa uang yang diterima untuk senjata itu digunakan secara ilegal untuk membantu pemberontak Contra di Nikaragua. Dia juga mengkritik Bush untuk menjadi bagian dari pemerintahan yang mengurangi layanan sosial untuk orang miskin dan orang-orang tua.
SUARA DUA:
Televisi memainkan peran besar dalam kampanye 1988. Masing-masing kandidat membuat sejumlah film televisi pendek. Beberapa dari iklan politik yang kuat, serangan pahit pada calon lain. Kadang-kadang tampaknya calon menghabiskan banyak waktu pada iklan kampanye negatif seperti yang mereka lakukan pada iklan yang membuat diri mereka terlihat baik.
Pada akhirnya, kampanye Bush itu lebih efektif. Dia berhasil membuat Dukakis terlihat lemah pada kejahatan dan masalah-masalah militer. Dia berhasil membuat dirinya terlihat lebih kuat dan lebih menentukan. Pada Hari Pemilihan pada bulan November, Bush dikalahkan Dukakis oleh hampir tujuh juta suara populer.
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SATU SUARA:
George Bush adalah sumpah-in pada Januari kedua puluh, 1989. Dalam pidato pengukuhannya ia berkata:
BUSH:. "Tidak Presiden, pemerintah tidak dapat mengajarkan kita untuk mengingat apa yang terbaik dalam apa yang kita Tetapi jika orang yang Anda telah memilih untuk memimpin pemerintahan ini dapat membantu membuat perbedaan, jika ia bisa merayakan, tenang keberhasilan lebih dalam yang dibuat - bukan dari emas dan sutra, namun hati yang lebih baik dan jiwa yang lebih halus -. apakah dia bisa melakukan hal ini, maka ia harus ... Kami sebagai orang memiliki tujuan seperti hari ini adalah untuk membuat wajah ramah bangsa dan lembut wajah dunia. Teman-teman saya, kita punya pekerjaan. "

SUARA DUA:
George Bush telah memimpin sebuah kehidupan yang mempersiapkan dirinya untuk pelayanan publik dan kepemimpinan. Ayahnya menjabat sebagai senator Amerika Serikat.
Ketika Amerika memasuki Perang Dunia II, George memutuskan untuk bergabung dengan Angkatan Laut. Ia menjadi seorang pilot pesawat pembom. Dia hanya delapan belas tahun - pada saat itu pilot termuda Angkatan Laut pernah. Dia berjuang melawan Jepang di daerah pertempuran Pasifik. Ia menyelesaikan serangan bom banyak berbahaya. Dia ditembak jatuh sekali dan diselamatkan oleh kapal selam Amerika.
SATU SUARA:
George pulang dari perang sebagai pahlawan. Ia menjadi mahasiswa dan menikah. Dia dan istrinya, Barbara, kemudian pindah ke Texas di mana ia bekerja di bisnis minyak. Dia berlari untuk Senat Amerika Serikat di 1964, dan kehilangan. Dua tahun kemudian, ia terpilih ke DPR.
Dia berlari untuk Senat lagi di 1970, dan hilang lagi. Tapi saat itu, ia telah mendapat pengakuan. Selama delapan tahun berikutnya, ia ditunjuk untuk serangkaian posisi pemerintahan. Dia adalah duta besar untuk PBB. Dia adalah Ketua Komite Nasional Partai Republik. Dia adalah wakil Amerika di China sebelum kedua negara memiliki hubungan diplomatik. Dan dia adalah kepala Badan Intelijen Pusat.
SUARA DUA:
Pada 1980, Bush bersaing melawan Ronald Reagan untuk nominasi Partai Republik untuk presiden. Dia kehilangan. Namun partai itu memilih dia untuk menjadi wakil calon presiden. Bush memperoleh kekuatan lebih dalam daripada banyak posisi wakil presiden sebelumnya. Setelah dua istilah, ia merasa siap untuk memimpin bangsa.
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SATU SUARA:
Presiden baru mengambil tujuh perjalanan ke luar negeri selama tahun pertamanya di kantor. Pengamat mengatakan kunjungan ke Eropa di musim semi ini terutama berhasil. Presiden Bush bertemu dengan para pemimpin negara-negara lain dalam NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Ia mengusulkan kesepakatan utama pada pengurangan pasukan dan non-senjata nuklir di Eropa. Uni Soviet menyebut usulan langkah serius dan penting dalam arah yang benar.
SUARA DUA:
Pada bulan Juni, pemerintah China demonstrasi pro-demokrasi di Beijing dihancurkan. Presiden Bush memerintahkan beberapa pembatasan terhadap China untuk memprotes situasi. Banyak kritikus, bagaimanapun, merasa bahwa tindakan ini tidak cukup kuat.
Tidak seperti di China, pemerintah komunis di Eropa tengah dan timur tidak dapat mencegah datangnya demokrasi. Sejak 1987, pemimpin Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev telah mengizinkan anggota dari Aliansi Warsawa untuk bereksperimen dengan reformasi politik dan ekonomi. Reformasi tidak cukup, namun. Satu demi satu, negara-negara ini menolak komunisme. Pemerintah komunis telah dihapus dari kantor di Bulgaria, Cekoslowakia, Hongaria, Polandia, dan Rumania.
SATU SUARA:

Di tengah musim panas, Presiden Bush mengunjungi Hungaria dan Polandia. Kedua negara berusaha untuk mereformasi ekonomi mereka. Keduanya menderita masalah berat karena mereka berubah dari ekonomi terpusat dikendalikan untuk ekonomi dikendalikan oleh kekuatan pasar bebas. Presiden Bush berjanji Amerika saran dan bantuan keuangan. Selama hampir lima puluh tahun, Amerika Serikat telah memimpin perjuangan melawan komunisme di seluruh dunia. Sekarang, banyak dari musuh mantan membutuhkan bantuan.
SUARA DUA:
Pada musim gugur 1989, ada ekspresi dramatis dari perubahan yang terjadi di dunia.
Pada tanggal sembilan, Jerman Timur membuka dinding yang telah membagi itu dari Barat sejak 1961. Dalam hitungan hari, warga dan tentara mulai merobeknya bawah. Jatuhnya Tembok Berlin berakhir hampir lima puluh tahun ketakutan dan ketegangan antara negara-negara demokratis dan Uni Soviet. Di seluruh dunia, orang-orang baru harapan dan impian mereka hidup dalam damai. Dan mantan musuh melihat ke Amerika Serikat untuk memimpin jalan.
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SATU SUARA:
Program THE PEMBUATAN BANGSA Sebuah ditulis oleh Jeri Watson dan diproduksi oleh Paul Thompson. Ini adalah Kleinfeldt Kaya.
SUARA DUA:
Dan ini adalah Tony Riggs. Bergabunglah dengan kami lagi minggu depan untuk program lain VOA Khusus Bahasa Inggris tentang sejarah Amerika Serikat.