Materi dan latihan SMA

MATERI BAHASA INGGRIS

RINGKASAN MATERI DAN SOAL

KELAS XI IPA/IPS

JILID 1

You can copy this lesson

1. Simple Present tense ( waktu sekarang )
• Pattern/Bentuk/Rumus :
I, You, We, They + INVINITIVE
He, She, It + INFINITIVE + S/ES
Ordinary Verb : VI/VI+S/ES
Auxiliary Verb : do/does
Kata kerja Bantu : am, is, are

Keterangan waktu :
Everyday, Every week, Every…, Once a week, Twice a day, Always, Usually,
Sometimes, Often, Never, Seldom, Generally, Rarely, Twice a year, Habitually, Now,
Then, Occasional,
Contoh :
1. They play badminton everyday. ( Mereka bermain badminton setiap hari.)
2. She goes to school everyday. ( Dia/perempuan berangkat sekolah setiap hari.)
3. Usually I get up early. ( Biasanya saya bangun pagi-pagi.)
4. A week has seven days. ( Seminggu ada tujuh hari.)
5. I am a student. ( Saya adalah seorang siswa)
6. I don’t know. ( Saya tidak tahu)
7. Do you know about it? ( Apakah kamu tahu tentang hal itu)
8. Does She have any question? ( Apakah dia/perempuan mempunyai pertanyaan)

Aturan penambahan S/ES :
1. Verb berakhiran : ss, sh, ch, x dan o wajib ditambah ES.
Eg. Kiss – Kisses, Watch – Watches
2. Verb yang berakhiran Y yang sebelumnya konsonan/huruf mati Y harus diruibah menjadi i dan ditambah ES.
Eg. Carry – Carries, Study, Studies.
3. Verb berakhiran Y yang sebelumnya Vocal/huruf hidup langsung ditambah S.
Eg. Play – Plays, Say – Says.
4. Selain verb-verb di atas langsung ditambah S.
Eg. Write – Writes, Read – Reads.


Penggunaan
1. Menyatakan habitual action/kegiatan yang berulang ulang dan sudah menjadi kebiasaan.
2. Menyatakan kebenaran umum dan menyatakan kecakapan, kemampuan watak, sifat seseorang.
3. Digunakan pada headline/berita utama dalam surat kabar/majalah.
4. Menyatakan future condition/sesuatu yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan dating dan sudah terjadwal sebelumnya.
Example:
Exercise
1. My father …… a taxi driver.
a. Are
b. Were
c. Am
d. Is
e. will
2. We …. Very smart.
a. Is
b. Are
c. Am
d. Goes
e. must
3. I …. Shy with her.
a. Wants
b. Goes
c. Am
d. We
e. Are
4. Dian …. a beautiful girl.
a. Are
b. Go
c. Win
d. Is
e. Am
5. The sea …. Very deep.
a. Are
b. I am
c. Do
d. Does
e. Is
6. My English teacher …. Very handsome.
a. Wow
b. Sure
c. Is
d. Are
e. Am
7. Tono and Rini …. a smart student.
a. Is
b. Are
c. Am
d. Will
e. Shall
8. Ebi …. English in the school.
a. Go
b. Want
c. Study
d. Studys
e. Studies
9. Yana …. Volley ball in the school.
a. Play
b. Plays
c. Playes
d. Want
e. Are
10. Asti …. a Book of structure in the class.
a. Are
b. Will
c. Bring
d. Brings
e. Bringes



Giving opinion

I think that....(Menurut pendapat saya)
In my opinion….(Menurut pendapat ku/saya)
That’s illogical…(Suatu hal yang tidak masuk akal)
What do you think about….(Apa menurut pendapatmu tentang)
Any ideas on that? (Apakah ad aide/pendapat)
I think…(Saya kira/saya piker)
What do you mean? (Apa maksudmu)
What should we do about it? (Apa yang seharusnya kami lakukan?)
What needs to be done? (Apa yang dibutuhkan dalam penyelesaian?)
What do you think we should do? (Menurut anda apakah kita seharusnya meakukan?)
Do you have any suggestions? (Apakah anda mempunyai beberapa saran/pendapat?)
Any ideas? (Ad ide?)
What do you think of/ about.............?
What’s your opinion of ...........?
What do you feel about.........?
What’s your comment about........?
What can you say about.......?
Would you mind telling me what you think?
How do you feel about.............?
What do you reckon to …?
In my opinion.........
In my view..........
I think.........
I feel.........
I believe........
I guess.........
It seems to me.......
To my mind.........
As far as I’m concern...........
What I have in mind is.........
Chose a,b,c,d or e the right answer!
1. A : Where do you live?
B : Here in the city.
A : Do you like it.
B : …., it’s the only place to live.
Lengkapilah teks diatas?
a. I like
b. I do not like
c. In the other
d. In my opinion
e. That’s illogical
2. Woman : Is it alright to switch on a cellular phone in a flying plane?
Man : ...
a. Absolutely not! That’s dangerous
b. Are you serious?
c. I am not sure I can
d. Don’t mention it
e. It doesn’t matter
REPORTS TEXT

Teks report adalah teks yang menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu (objek, makhluk hidup, kejadian alam) secara apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan yang sistematis dan berdasarkan fakta.

Ciri yang membedakan teks report dan teks descriptive adalah cara penulisannya. Teks report hanya menjelaskan topik teks secara umum, sedangkan teks descriptive menceritakan topik teks secara lebih terperinci.

Struktur teks report yaitu:
• General statement: Pernyataan awal yang menyampaikan pada pembaca mengenai topik teks secara umum
• Description: Deskripsi secara umum dari topik teks
Example:
What is a Veterinarian
A veterinarian is a person who has studied to be a doctor of animals. They take care of animals’ health. Many pet owners use a veterinarian to help them take care of their pets.
Some veterinarians take care of cats and other small animals. Other veterinarians take care of larger animals such as horses, cows, or large zoo animals.
If you have a pet at home, your pet has probably seen a veterinarian. Veterinarians can help you decide what kinds of food your animals should eat, what shots your pet will need, and how you should take care of your animals. It is important to take your pet to see a veterinarian to make sure it stays healthy.
1. What does the text tell about? It is …
a. to describe a veterinarian in general.
b. to describe veterinarian in specific.
c. to entertain the reader with a story.
d. to tell the past event.

2. The paragraph 1 belongs to …
a. Orientation. c. General classification.
b. Identification d. Re-orientation.
3. What does not a veterinarian take care of?
a. Horses. c. Cats.
b. Cows. d. Worm.
4. What does the title text above?
a. Government
b. Veterinarian
c. Figure
d. Artist
5. What is the end above text?
a. Large zoo animals
b. Veterinarians can help you decide what kinds of food your animals should eat
c. A veterinarian is a person who has studied
d. They take care of animals’ health

AUSTRALIA
Australia is a large continent. It has six states and two territories.
The capital city of Australia is Canberra. It is in the Australian Capital Territory.
The population of Australia is about 20 million. The first inhabitants to live in Australia were Aboriginal people. After that people came from all over the world. The main language is English, however many other languages are spoken.
There are many plants and animals that are only found in Australia, e.g. kangaroos, platypuses, gum trees and Warpaths.
The main products and industries are wool, minerals, oil, coal, cereals and meat.
Some famous landmarks are the Harbour Bridge, the Opera House and Uluru (Ayers Rock).
Sumber : http://kbs.jogja.go.id/
1. The paragraph 1 belongs to …
a. Orientation. c. General classification.
b. Identification d. Re-orientation
2. The paragraph 2 belongs to …
a. Identification
b. General classification
c. Re-orientation
d. Orientation
3. The paragraph 3 belongs to …
a. Conclusion
b. Orientation
c. Identification
d. Resolution
4. What does the title text above?
a. Country
b. Nations
c. Regent
d. Australia
5. How many population in Australia country?
a. 10 million
b. 15 million
c. 20 million
d. 25 million


NARRATIVE
The purpose of the text is to amuse or entertain the readers.
Inti dari teks narrative seperti cerita dongeng yang kadang di bagian akhirnya diberikan moral value dari cerita yang dapat dipetik.
Bagian- bagian dari teks narrative adalah:
1. Orientation : penjelasan awal, seperti pembukaan dari cerita
2. Complication : masalah yang terjadi dalam cerita tersebut
3. Solution : pemecahan masalah dalam cerita tersebut
4. Re-orientation : penutup dari cerita
Read the text and answer questions 1 to 4
Maura, who liked to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful queen of Arabia, had many suitors. One by one she had discarded them, until her list was reduced to just three sheiks, all equally young and handsome, rich and strong. It was very hard to decide who would be the best of them.
One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of three sheiks, as they were about to have dinner, and asked them for something to eat.
The first gave her some leftover food; the second gave her some unappetizing camel’s tails; the third sheik, who was called Hakim, offered her some of the most tender and tasty meat. After dinner, the disguised queen left the sheiks’ camp.
The following day the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her palace. She ordered her servants to give each one exactly what they had given her the evening before.
Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat, refused to eat it if the other two could not share it with him, and this act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the man for her.
“Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you,” she announced her choice to the sheiks. “So it is Hakim I will marry.”

1. The text tells us about the queen ….
a. was the most powerful queen in Arabia.
b. was very proud of her beauty and riches.
c. was very careful in deciding whom she would marry.
d. was very satisfied with the food given by the sheiks.

2. The queen ordered her servants to give the sheiks the same kind of food she got from them because she wanted ….
a. to entertain her guest. c. to see the sheik’s reactions.
b. to test the sheik’s food. d. to repay the sheik’s kindness
3. What’s the moral value that you can learn from the story?
a. Don’t look at someone from the appearance.
b. We should make a party to decide something
c. Don’t trust easily to someone who has given a value thing.
d. We have to be careful in deciding the person that wants to be chosen.

4. “One by one she had discarded them,…” The word ‘them’ refers to … .
a. three sheiks
b. servants
c. Arabians
d. Suitors

SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Simple past tense adalah menyatakan peristiwa yang telah lampau. Lampau disini tak harus sudah sangat lama, yang penting sudah berlalu, sudah lewat. Mungkin kemarin, satu jam lalu, 2 tahun lalu, 2 abad yang lalu, dsb. Semua itu sudah “past”. Itulah penekanannya.
A. STRUKTUR KALIMAT:
• POSITIVE SENTENCE
subject + main verb
(past)
Contoh: John went to London last year. (John pergi ke London tahun lalu.)
• NEGATIVE SENTENCE
subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb
(did ) (base)
Contoh: John didn’t go to London last year. (John tidak pergi ke London tahun lalu.)
• INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
(did) (base)
Contoh: Did John go to London last year? (Apakah John pergi ke London tahun lalu?)
B. VERB PADA SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Berlaku untuk semua subjek:
V1
(base) V2
(past)
regular verb work
explode
like worked
exploded
liked Bentuk lampau untuk semua verba reguler berakhir dengan -ed.
irregular verb go
see
sing went
saw
sang Bentuk lampau kata kerja tak beraturan adalah variabel.
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I went to school.
You worked very hard.
- She did not go with me.
We did not work yesterday.
? Did you go to London?
Did they work at home?
Pengecualian! Untuk penggunaan to be berbeda!
subject main verb
+ I, he/she/it was here.
You, we, they were in London.
- I, he/she/it was not there.
You, we, they were not happy.
? Was/Were I, he/she/it You, we, they right?

C. KRITERIA PENGGUNAAN SIMPLE PAST TENSE:
1. Dimulai dan berakhir di masa lalu
→ mengekspresikan gagasan bahwa tindakan mulai dan selesai pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu. Artinya sekarang tidak lagi berlangsung. Kadang dalam suatu kalimat tidak benar-benar disebutkan keterangan waktu, tetapi dalam hal ini konteksnya sudah jelas lampau.
Contoh:
• I saw a movie yesterday. (Aku melihat film kemarin. )
• Did you have dinner last night? (Apakah Anda sudah makan malam terakhir?)
• She washed her car. (Dia mencuci mobilnya.)
2. Rangkaian kegiatan telah berakhir
→ menjelaskan rangkaian kegiatan yang telah berakhir di masa lampau.
Contoh:
• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. (Aku selesai bekerja, berjalan ke pantai, dan menemukan tempat yang bagus untuk berenang.)
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. (Dia tiba dari bandara pada jam 8:00, check in di hotel di 9:00, dan bertemu dengan orang lain pada pukul 10:00.)
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? (Apakah Anda menambahkan tepung, tuangkan dalam susu, kemudian tambahkan telur?
3. Jangka waktu di masa lalu
→ Simple Past dapat digunakan dengan durasi yang mulai dan berhenti di masa lalu. Durasi adalah suatu tindakan yang biasanya ditandai dengan ekspresi seperti: selama… , sepanjang… , dll
Contoh:
• I lived in Brazil for two years. (Saya tinggal di Brazil selama dua tahun.)
• Shauna studied Japanese for five years. (Shauna belajar bahasa Jepang selama lima tahun.)
• They sat at the beach all day. (Mereka duduk di pantai sepanjang hari.)
• They did not stay at the party the entire time. (Mereka tidak tinggal di pesta sepanjang waktu.)
• We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. (Kami berbicara di telepon selama tiga puluh menit.
4. Kebiasaan di Masa Lalu
→ Simple Past juga dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan kebiasaan yang berhenti di masa lalu. Hal ini dapat memiliki arti yang sama seperti “biasa“. Untuk membuat jelas bahwa kita sedang berbicara tentang kebiasaan, kita sering menambahkan ekspresi seperti: selalu, sering, biasanya, pernah, ketika…, dll.
Contoh:
• I studied French when I was a child. (Aku mempelajari bahasa Perancis ketika aku masih kecil.)
• Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? ( Apakah Anda memainkan alat musik ketika Anda masih anak-anak?)
• She worked at the movie theater after school. (Dia bekerja di bioskop setelah sekolah.)
• They never went to school, they always skipped class. (Mereka tidak pernah pergi ke sekolah, mereka selalu melewatkan kelas.)
5. Fakta masa lalu
→ Simple Past juga dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan fakta-fakta masa lalu atau generalisasi yang tidak lagi benar.
Contoh:
• He didn’t like tomatoes before. (Dia tidak suka tomat sebelumnya.)
• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? (Apakah Anda tinggal di Texas ketika Anda masih anak-anak?)
• People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. (Dulu orang membayar lebih untuk membuat panggilan ponsel.
D. Kata kerja tidak beraturan
Ada banyak kata kerja simple past tense yang tidak beraturan (irregular verbs) dalam bahasa Inggris, yakni tidak ditambahkan -ed. Berikut beberapa kata kerja tidak beraturan yang paling umum.
be – was/were
become – became
begin – began
break – broke
bring – brought
build – built
buy – bought
catch – caught
choose – chose
come – came
do – did
draw -drew
eat – ate
feel – felt
fight – fought
find – found
fly – flew
forget – forgot
get – got
give – gave
go – went
have – had
hear – heard
hit – hit
know – knew
learn – learnt/learned
leave – left
lose – lost make – made
meet – met
pay – paid
read – read
ride – rode
run – run
say – said
sell – sold
send – sent
shut – shut
sing – sang
sit – sat
sleep – slept
smell – smelt/smelled
speak – spoke
stand – stood
swim – swam
take – took
teach – taught
tell – told
think – thought
understand – understood
wear – wore
win – won
write – wrote



Example:
1. John … to Spain last year.
a. Go
b. Goes
c. Want
d. Went
e. Did
2. Boby … a new bicycle yesterday.
a. Buy
b. Buys
c. Bought
d. Boughts
e. Pay
3. Marie … her homework last night.
a. Do
b. Does
c. are
d. did
e. can
4. Meli … the dishes after dinner.
a. Washed
b. Wash
c. Washes
d. Must
e. Break
5. Goerge … dinner for his family Saturday night.
a. Cooke
b. Cooked
c. Wash
d. Warm
e. Hot
6. She … very happy yesterday.
a. Am
b. Were
c. Was
d. Are
e. Is
7. I .... a few letters yesterday.
a. Wrote
b. Write
c. Red
d. Read
e. can
8. He … at six o'clock this morning.
a. Get
b. With
c. Got
d. Get up
e. Wake

9. They … home late last night.
a. Care
b. Come
c. Came
d. Comes
e. Cames
10. She … a headache yesterday.
a. Have
b. Haved
c. Having
d. Had
e. Haded


PRONOUN

1 Subject and object pronouns
Subject pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Object pronouns
Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
• The subject is the person or thing doing the action:
/ left early.
She went home.
We said goodbye.
• The object is the person or thing
receiving the action:
She telephoned me.
I hit him.
We saw her.
Practice
Write the correct pronouns for these sentences.
1 ..She... telephoned yesterday, (she)
2 We watched .him... for hours, (he)
3 Hasn't… arrived yet? (she)
4 …don't understand. (I)
5 Are you talking to… ? (I)
6 Don' ask… doesn't know, (she/she)
7 This is Julia:… have known… for years, (we/she)
8 Nobody told… the bus was leaving, (they)
9 Why didn't ask to come? (she/they)
10 Don't ask… Ask…. (I/he)
11 … think… doesn’t' like… (T/hc/I)
12 …asked… to invite… (they/he/we)

2 Reflexive pronouns
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Ourselves, yourselves, themselves
• The object is the same person or thing as the subject:
1 cut myself when I was cooking.
The kettle will switch itself off automatically.
Practice
Chose a,b,c,d or e the right answer reflexive pronouns for these sentences.
1 I like to wake ..myself.. up in the morning with a cup of coffee.
a. My c. Myself e. Itself
b. We d. our
2 Thanks for a great party - we really enjoyed .. ourselves.
a. Ourselves c. His e. Ourself
b. Her d. Him
3 I hate watching………. on video.
a. Her c. Myself e. Our
b. His d. Herself

4 I'm sorry, Tony, but I haven't got enough money to pay for you. Can you
pay for………….. ?
a. Our c. You e. Ourselves
b. Your d. Yourself
5 After his accident, Philip drove…………. to the hospital.
a. Him c. Himself e. Himselves
b. Herself d. Themselves
6 We don't need a babysitter - the children can look after…
a. Themselves c. Ourself e. Hers
b. Themself d. Ourselves
7 Now, children, remember to give…………… enough time to answer all the exam questions.
a. Yourself c. Himselves e. Myself
b. Yourselves d. Herself
8 'Should I apply for the job?' she asked….
a. Ourself c. Hisself e. Herself
b. Our d. Herselves
9 We're planning to buy……….. a new television.
a. Yourself c. Ourselves e. Herself
b. Ourself d. Herselves
10 He hurt………. when he was playing football.
a. Herself
b. Myself
c. Himself
d. Herself
e. yourself
3 Possessive adjectives
• Each pronoun has a possessive adjective:
I —> my we —> our
you —> your you —> your
he —> his they --> their
she —• her it —> its

Practice
Write the correct possessive adjectives for these sentences.
1 These are ..my... parents. (I)
2 I've got…. watch, (he)
3 Is this… car? {you)
4 Do they like…. new house? (she)
5 Have you met… teacher? (they)
6 Who's got… money? (I)
7 I don't like… teacher, (we)
8 Have you got… passport? (you)
9 He forgot… keys, (he)
10 They changed… hotel, (they)
11 She gave the letter to… secretary, (she)
12 There's something wrong with… car. (I)
13 They're having a party in…. garden, (they)
14 Where's…. pen? (I)
15 I like…. jacket. (You)
4 Possessive adjectives and pronouns
Possessive adjectives
My, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
Possessive pronouns
Mine, yours, his, hers – ours, yours, theirs
• The possessive adjective is always followed by its noun:
It's my car.
That's his mother.
This is our house.
• The possessive pronoun is never followed by its noun:
This is mine.
Give it to Peter: it's his.
The money is ours.
Practice
Write the correct possessive adjective or pronoun for these sentences.
1 Whose camera is this? Is it ..yours. ? (you)
2 Excuse me, those are ,.our.. seats, (we)
3 Is it…. suitcase or….. ? (you/he)
4 Has the dog had….. food? (it)
5 They're not…. keys - they're…. (I/she)
6 I don't think its…. room: I think it's (you/they)
7 The police asked me for…. address. (I)
8 Have you got…. pen, or would you like to borrow….? (you/I)
9 …..garden is bigger than….. (they/we)
10 I think this is….. book. Oh no, it's….. (I/you)

5 The possessive with “s”
• To indicate possession for people or animals:
a) in the singular, add 's:
Anne's bike
James's friend
The dog's food
b) for plurals ending in s, just add ':
The boys' mother
My pare/Us' house
The ladies' hats
c) for other plurals, add 's:
The children's friends
The women's cars
Note: It's = It is. The possessive of it is its:
It's cold today.
Give the dog its food.
Practice
Rewrite these sentences, putting the apostrophe (') where necessary. If two
answers are possible, write the more likely one.
1 We talked to the boys parents for some time.
We talked to the boys' parents for some time.
OR
We talked to the boy's parents for some time.
2 We can borrow my fathers car.
We can borrow my father's car.
3 Have you met Susans friend?
4 About sixty people use the teachers room.
5 Someone had taken Barbaras purse.
6 Something was hurting the animals foot.
7 I'm going to write to the childrens parents.
8 Jane works in my mothers office.
9 The dog doesn't like its food.
10 Mary and Pat stayed at their friends house.
11 Are you going to the secretaries meeting?
12 I put the money in the waiters hand.
13 Ians suit was very expensive.

GERUND
Gerund adalah kata kerja dibendakan. Gerund di bagi menjadi beberapa aturan sbb:
• The gerund is used like a noun:
Smoking is bad for you.
Do you like watching TV?
She's good at swimming.
• It is formed by adding -ing to the infinitive:
go -> going
stay - staying
The negative is formed by adding not:
Would yon mind not smoking?
Note: the changes that are sometimes necessary:
lie — lying (ie —* y)
take — taking (single e: c is omitted)
sit — sitting (single vowel + single consonant — single vowel + double consonant]
Practice
In your notebook, write the gerund of these verbs.
Do run
Lie play
Fly travel
Try ride
Get swim
Fill the gaps with gerunds from the above box. Use each verb once only.
1 She likes ..running. every morning before breakfast.
2 After…. my homework, I usually watch TV.
3 I enjoy…. on the beach.
4 She doesn't like…. with other children.
5 ….is a fast way of….
6 She likes sport, especially…. horses and….
7 After…. several times, I finally passed my exams.
8 I lay in bed and thought about…. up

like, dislike and other verbs + gerund

• Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a noun, including the following:
like love finish start
dislike hate stop enjoy
prefer miss give up begin
Note: like, love, prefer, and start are sometimes followed by the infinitive.

Practice
Write these sentences, changing the verbs into gerunds.
1 Do you like (make) cakes?
Answer: Do you like making cakes?
2 I dislike (get up) at seven o'clock every morning.
3 I started (work) here eight or nine years ago.
4 Do you prefer (travel) by plane or by ship?
5 I hate (write) 'thank you1 letters.
6 I gave up (drive) after I had a bad accident.
7 I miss (be) able to visit my family.
8 I love (sit) here by the sea in the evenings.
9 I think it's time to stop (play) football.
10 What time did you finish (read) last night?
11 Why don't you like (go) to discos?
12 I think I'll start (pack) my suitcase.

Prepositions + gerund

• When a verb follows an preposition, it takes the gerund:
We thought about leaving early.
1 was worried about getting home.
I'm interested in hearing more about your offer.
I'm tired of hearing Ids excuses.
After closing the door, he looked up and down the street.
Check your passport before leaving.
NOTES:
• Note That to can be a preposition, or part of an infinitive:
/ decided to leave early, (to + infinitive)
I'm looking forward to seeing them again, (to + gerund)
• A gerund behaves like a noun. Where a gerund can be used, a noun can also be used.
I'm looking forward to going on holiday.

Practice
Complete these sentences, putting the verbs into the gerund and using one of the following prepositions. Some of them are used more than once.
About, of, in, to, after,
By, for, on, at, without
1 We talked about going (go) to France for our holiday.
2 I look forward… (see) you again next year.
3 She's tired… (work) for the company.
4 I'm very happy… my parents… (come) home.
5 …(open) the front door, I walked slowly through it.
6 We got into the house… (climb) through a window.
7 I'm looking forward… (work) with you.
8 Are you interested… (join) the committee?
9 I'm tired… (come) to the same place every week.
10 He's very keen… (swim) at the moment.
11 I'm worried Jane… (get ) to the airport on time.
12 I'm not interested… (hear) your excuses.
13 She's very good… (listen) to what people say.
14 This is used… (cut) metal.
15 The car drove off… (stop).

Modals
'Modals' are the small verbs like can, must, and might, which give certain meanings to main verbs.
FORM
There are twelve modal verbs:
Can Could
May Might
Shall Should
Will would
Must ought to
Need (to) dare

• Positive is formed by putting the modal between the subject and the main verb:

We should stay.
You ought to go.
He might come.
• Negative is formed by adding not (or n't) after the modal:
We shouldn't stay.
You ought not to come.
He might not come.
• Questions are formed by changing the position of the modal and the subject:
Should we stay? Shouldn't we stay?
Ought you to go? Oughtn't yon to go?
Might he come? Mightn't he come?



Notes
• need can be needn't (modal form) or don't need to (verb form).
• Negative questions generally use not. If not is used, there is a different word order:
Shouldn't we stay? Should we not stay?

can, could
• can: (i) know how to, be able to:
Dedy can swim.
Hidayat can speak French.
can: (ii) be allowed to:
You can sit here.
My mother says I can't go out tonight.
• could: knew how to:
Emily could swim when she was two.
couldn't: (i) wasn't able to:
I'm sorry, I couldn't come yesterday.
I couldn't go to work this morning.
could/couldn't (ii) used in the second conditional (> Exercise 59)
If you gave me the money, could I do the shopping?
• Requests: both can and could are used in requests. Could is a little more
polite:
Can I have a. glass of water, please?
Could you open the door for me, please?
Notes
• can refers To the future if it is followed by a time word (next week, tomorrow, etc):
I can do it for you next month.
• In the negative: can —* can't or cannot
could —* couldn't or could not.
Practice
Complete these sentences using can or could. If two answers arc possible, write
them both.
1 .Could.. n't you find John yesterday?
2 .Can/.Could. I come and see you tomorrow?
3 you pass me the salt, please?
4 you play the guitar?
5 Why…. 't the children go to the cinema tonight?
6 …you help me with my suitcase, please?
7… you drive my car if you had to?
8 …you answer the phone for me?
9 Why…. 't you come to the disco tomorrow?
10 It was very difficult to hear; I… not understand what she was saying.
11 …I smoke in here?
12 We had an appointment yesterday afternoon, but he…. not see me.
13 I…. do the job for you next year.
14 ….you tell me the time, please?
15 I… not find my front door key last night




























Answer.
1) 1 She 2 him 3 she 4 1 5 me 6 her ... She 7 we ... her 8 them
9 she ... them 10 me ... him 11 I ... he ... me 12 They ... him ... us

2) 1 myself 2 ourselves 3 myself 4 yourself 5 himself 6 themselves
7 yourselves 8 herself 9 ourselves 10 himself

3) 1 my 2 his 3 your 4 her 5 their 6 my
11 her 12 my 13 their 14 my 15 your
7 our 8 your 9 his 10 their

4 )1 yours 2 our 3 your ... his 4 its S my ... hers 6 your ... theirs
7 my 8 your ... mine 9 Their ... ours 10 my ... yours 11 theirs 12 its
13 your ... mine 14 his ... hers 15 my ... theirs 16 their 17 Her ... theirs
18 My ... ours 19 My ... his 20 Our ... theirs

5) 1 the boys'/the boy's 2 my father's 3 Susan's 4 the teachers' 5 Barbara's
6 the animal's 7 the children's 8 my mother's 9 (no apostrophe necessary)
10 their friend's/their friends' 11 the secretaries' 12 the waiter's 13 Ian's

67b 1 running 2 doing 3 lying 4 playing 5 Flying ... travelling 6 riding...
swimming 7 trying 8 getting

68 1 making 2 getting up 3 working 4 travelling 5 writing 6 driving 7 being
8 sitting 9 playing 10 reading 11 going 12 packing

69 1 about going 2 to seeing 3 of working 4 about ... coming 5 After opening
6 by climbing 7 to working 8 in joining 9 of coming 10 on swimming
11 about ... getting 12 in hearing 13 at listening 14 for cutting 15 without
Stopping
63 1 Could 2 Can/Could 3 Can/Could 4 Can 5 can 6 Can/Could 7 Could
8 Can/Could 9 can 10 could 11 Can 12 could 13 can/could
14 Can/Could 15 could